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Understanding Cancer Metastasis Coursera Quiz Answers
History and Overview of Metastasis Quiz Answers
Q1. How is metastasis best defined?
- The spreading of cancer from a primary site to distant organs
- The study of tumors
- A swelling in the body
- Uncontrolled growth
Q2. The incidence of cancer is:
- Not changing with age
- Rising as the population ages
- Decreasing as the population ages
Q3. Who defined the seed and soil hypothesis?
- Paget
- Ewing
- Galen
- Virchow
Q4. The seed and soil hypothesis:
- States that cancer cells never metastasize
- States that all cancer cells are equally good at metastasizing
- States that cancer cells that metastasize will grow better in certain organs that have a congenial soil
- States that cancer cells will grow equally well anywhere in the body
Q5. A cancer cell becomes more motile by…
- Undergoing epithelial to mesenchymal transition
- Undergoing a mesenchymal to epithelial transition
- Hitching a ride in the circulation with a white blood cell
- Getting pushed into the circulation by other cells;
Q6. The term that refers to a cancer cell moving into the circulation is:
- Angiogenesis
- Extravasation
- Metastasis
- Intravasation
Q7. How is cancer best defined?
- Cells that move around the body
- The study of tumors
- Spreading growth
- Uncontrolled growth
Q8. New blood vessel growth is also termed:
- Leukemia
- Angiogenesis
- Epithelial to mesenchymal transition
- Carcinogenesis
Q9. True or False: Metastasis is the usual cause of cancer death.
- True
- False
Q10. True or False: Stephen Paget is credited with defining the seed and soil hypothesis of metastasis.
- True
- False
Primary Tumor Growth and Neoangiogenesis Quiz Answers
Q1. What does NOT occur during a healthy cell cycle?
- a cell’s DNA duplicates
- a cell divides
- a cell undergoes apoptosis
- a cell checks for damage to structure or DNA
Q2. When a cell is damaged, it always becomes a cancerous cell.
- False
- True
Q3. Cancer:
- is uncontrolled cell division
- begins with a single damaged cell (such as mutation)
- has faulty cell cycle checkpoints
- all of these options
Q4. Activating mutations in oncogenes promote cancer.
- True
- False
Q5. Mutations occur in proteins.
- False
- True;
Q6. As a cell gains mutations…
- It always dies
- It can explode
- It becomes more normal
- It becomes more cancerous
Q7. The theory that states that both copies of a gene must be mutated in order to promote cancer is:
- Translocations
- The Two-Hit Hypothesis
- The Central Dogma
- The New Mutations Theory
Q8. Neoangiogenesis:
- Is the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels
- Is required for tumor growth
- Promotes metastasis by providing additional routes for cancer cells to leave the primary tumor
- Is driven by hypoxia;
- All of these options
Q9. Blood vessels formed as a result of neoangiogenesis are highly organized.
- False
- True
Q10. What is the state of lack of oxygen?
- Hypoxia
- Normoxia
- Anemia
- Hyperosmia
Q11. The primary tumor is made up of only tumor cells and some normal cells.
- False
- True
Q12. Which of the following cell types influence tumor growth?
- Fat cells
- Neurons
- Fibroblasts
- All of these options;
Invasion and Intravasation Quiz Answers
Q1. What is a characteristic of epithelial cells?
- Expression of Vimentin
- High motility
- Cell-cell and cell-ECM adhesion
- Spindle shape
Q2. EMT stands for epithelial – _______ transition.
- Mobile
- Migratory
- Musical
- Mesenchymal
Q3. What does ECM stand for? Extracellular ______.
- Maths
- Matrix;
- Molecules
- Molehills
Q4. What cells produce proteases to remodel the ECM?
- All of these options
- Endothelial cells
- Immune cells
- Cancer cells
Q5. Cancer cells require the ECM for:
- Adhesion
- Migration
- Differentiation
- Adhesion and Migration
Q6. Intravasation is a specialized form of _______.
- Invasion
- Cancer
- Mutation
Q7. Intravasation describes the process in which a cancer cell moves into a ________ .
- Blood vessel
- Lymphatic vessel
- Blood vessel and Lymphatic vessel
- Neuron
Survival in the Circulation and Extravasation Quiz Answers
Q1. Genes that are lost and normally prevent cells from undergoing metastasis are called _______________:
- Blue jeans
- none of these options
- metastasis suppressor genes
- oncogenes
Q2. Typically, normal a cell will die after undergoing ________. Cancer cells are resistant to this.
- Anoikis
- mitosis
- Dunn’s limit
Q3. One pathway discussed in this lecture that allows cancer cells to evade death is the __________ pathway?
- none of these options
- EGFR/PI3-K
- meiosis
Q4. After homing using chemokines, CTCs __________ and _______________ onto endothelia cells?
- Hip and hop
- Dock and lock
- Pop and Lock
Q5. Docking process is mediated by ____________ expressed on CTCs and __________ expressed on endothelial cells
- PD-L1 and PI3-K
- carbohydrates and selectins
- None of these options;
Q6. Locking is mediated by __________ expressed on CTCs.
- Sialyl-X
- integrins
Q7. The process of a CTC exiting the circulation into a secondary site is called _____________ ?
- intravasation
- both of these options
- extravastion
Q8. This process is aided by which cell type (discussed in this lecture).
- Platelets
- Erythrocytes
- Sickle cells
Q9. CTCs that are successfully able to get into a secondary site are called __________.
- Disseminated tumor cells (DTC)
- none of these options;
- CTC
Q10. CTCs can circulate as __________ or _______________ ?
- macrophages
- Single Cells or clusters of cells
- CTCs or MTCs
Q11. CTCs up-regulate ____________ that allows platelet activation and its association to CTCs
- TCIPA
- CIVA
- none of these options
Q12. CTCs have the ability to up-regulate _____________ to promote monocyte recruitment and increase vascular permeabilization? Select all answers that apply.
- none of these options
- CCL2
- EGFR/PI3-K;
Dormancy and Secondary Tumor Growth Quiz Answers
Q1. Dormancy is:
- Quiescence and reversible growth arrest
- Reversible growth arrest
- None of these options
- Quiescence
Q2. Angiogenic dormancy refers to the inability of a tumor mass to undergo angiogenesis.
- True
- False
Q3. A patient undergoes surgery to remove a primary tumor. 20 years later they die without any evidence of cancer. What could be true?
- Cells disseminated from the primary tumor before it was removed
- All of these options
- Cells never left the primary tumor
- Cells disseminated to another location and died
Q4. Dormant cancer cells
- Have decreased protein synthesis and increased DNA synthesis
- Are only found in the bone
- Have decreased protein synthesis
- Have increased DNA synthesis
Q5. Clinical dormancy
- Is a period of undetectable cancer after the primary tumor has been removed
- None of these options
- Is the period of metastatic outgrowth after the primary tumor has been removed
- Refers to the time it takes for a primary tumor to cause pain to the patient
Q6. If a disseminated cell was unable to undergo dormancy
- It may undergo apoptosis or it may proliferate into a metastasis
- It may undergo apoptosis
- It may proliferate into a metastasis
- None of these options
Q7. Clinical cancer dormancy precedes cellular dormancy.
- False
- True
Q8. Which one is NOT a difference between quiescence and senescence?
- Growth arrest in G2
- Marked by beta-galactosidase
- Can be identified by negative markers of proliferation
- Reversible growth arrest
Q9. Why might a patient with a primary breast tumor end up with a bone metastasis, but not a liver metastasis?
- The cancer cells homed to both sites but only proliferated in the bone
- The cancer cells homed to both sites but died in the liver
- The cancer cells only homed to the bone
- All of these options could be true
Q10. It is possible for patients to die of their cancer if their tumor cells remain dormant.
- True
- False
Morbidity and Mortality Associated with Metastasis Quiz Answers
Q1. What cancer only rarely spreads to bone?
- Brain
- Breast
- Kidney
- Prostate
Q2. What cancer only rarely spreads to the liver?
- Brain
- Colon
- Stomach
- Breast
Q3. Virchow’s triad refers to what 3 things?
- Blood infection, blood clotting, bleeding
- Endothelial injury, blood stasis, hypercoagulability;
- Cancer spreading, cancer growing, blood clotting
- Bone fracture, blood clot, cancer spreading
Q4. Cancer cachexia results in?
- Weight loss
- Gain of muscle mass
- Increased energy for the patient
- Weight gain
Q5. Aesthenia is defined as:
- Having a lot of energy
- Feeling very strong
- Putting people to sleep for surgery
- abnormal physical weakness or lack of energy
Q6. Anorexia is defined as:
- Putting people to sleep for surgery
- Being hungry all of the time
- Loss of appetite
- A metastasis that has spread to the lung
Q7. Matrixmetalloproteinases (MMPs):
- Help destroy the extracellular matrix around a tumor
- Build muscle
- Build fat stores
- Build bone
Q8. Tumor necrosis factor alpha:
- Is thought to contribute to cancer cachexia
- Builds muscle
- Builds bone
- Builds fat stores
Q9. True or False: Metastasis is the major cause of cancer death.
- False
- True
Q10. True or False: Cachexia is often present when people die of cancer.
- True
- False;
Review:
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